Example 01: The well-known 9-point problem
Example 02: The Flywheel-Governor
Example 03: The theory decides what can be observed.
Example 04: Two coupled challenges build a dynamic system.
Example 05: GAT in social systems: CDP
Example 01: The 9-point problem described with the GAA.
This example demonstrates the application of GAA to the well-known 9-point problem. Let me be clear: When we talk about nine points, the term is not a statement about shape and size. Spots are small, most round marks as shown in the drawing, where the spots are circles. The distinction between the two terms is crucial for a systematic description. The solution is overcome a boundary! This possibility was found by systematically analysing the system properties.
As demonstrated, the solution for four straight lines can be found by a systematic analysis of the system properties. The solution was to overcome the boundary. The same method can be used to solve other challenges. When it comes to a straight line, you need to work in 3D space, not 2D. This was also found by analysing the system properties in a systematic manner.
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Example 02: The Flywheel-Governor
The flywheel-governor is an example: Controlling means maintaining the value of a controlled variable at a set point. We only have one variation to adapt. This is a very simple application of GAT.
To identify potential variations in a system, we can either start with the entire theory and numerous checklists or focus on a specific area to streamline the process. Here it is a cybernetic system. We have no questions about external control or the life cycle for example.
# # # # # Picture:
By R. Routledge - Image from "Discoveries & Inventions of the Nineteenth Century"
by R. Routledge, 13th edition, published 1900., Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=231047 (9.9.2024)
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Example 03: The theory decides what can be observed.
The theory decides what can be observed. Theory restricts the world views and therefore limits the finding of variations. To overcome this limitation of a theory and find more variations is a difficult task, but it can be done.
GAT states clearly that a world model must be chosen. Different world models allow you to see different realities: humans, robots, ghosts, zombies. This means that there are a great many different types of variation and a multitude of potential adaptations, all of which depend on the world view that has been chosen. The theory of the world determines which variations we perceive. The 9-point problem provides a concrete example of this (point, dot, circle).
GAT follows the 'Grundschema des K-Systems’ (basic scheme of a cybernetic system): feedback connections. Furthermore, it tests all variations (in theory). This scheme allows the existence of zombies, even if Stachowiak only thought of our normal world. A utility-based agent proceeds according to the same scheme, the closed feedback loop, but has a defined outside world. This eliminates the use of ghosts to solve the challenge.
# # # # # Literature:
Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach.
Fourth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson p. 131 Figure 2.14
Stachowiak, H. (1973). Allgemeine Modelltheorie. Wien New York: Springer. p. 73
Picture Ghost: https://iheartcraftythings.com/ghost-drawing.html (8.8.2024)
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Example 04: Two coupled challenges build a dynamic system.
The GAT is the ideal tool for describing two coupled challenges. In this case, the linking of the challenges and the consequences can be captured mathematically using a simple system of differential equations. This is the renowned predator-prey example from Lotka-Volterra. The well-known differential equations apply to a stable dynamic system, which can be presented by an analog flow chart, for example.
The actor system does not learn. The lynx do not change their solution. The same applies to the hares.
From the external perspective of the observer (documentation system), it is clear that an addition to the lynx variation should be suggested to the lynx: the hare could also be bred! -> Livestock farming. The above description of variations with system dynamics is too narrow. In any case, properties are hidden.
This approach has inherent limitations due to its very nature.
In other words: In this case system dynamics is the theory that decides what we see. GAT's systematic description is more open because it considers all characteristics: Here the origin of the food.
# # # # # All Pictures
Paschenda, K. (2020). Programming without a language, a project for Harvard CS50. Wolfgantzen.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFSYzt4kBFs)
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Example 05: GAT in social systems: CDP
The properties of a social system include social rules, based on the primary and secondary goals. All possible variations must be checked and implemented where appropriate. A society adapts to its living conditions through variation. In general, complex systems seek to stabilise themselves by varying their structures and processes. The core design principles (CDP) demonstrate that variations can be tested together in a group. GAT is also effective in the social domain.
# # # # # Literature:
Wilson D.S.; Ostrom E.; Cox M.E. (2013). Generalizing the core design principles
for the efficacy of groups. J. of Eco. Behavior & Organization, Vol. 90, Suppl., 2013,
Pages S21-S32. doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.010
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